@article {2700, title = {The black fig fly Silba adipata (Diptera: Lonchaeidae) as an emerging pest in Tunisia: preliminary data on geographic distribution, bioecology and damage}, year = {2020}, url = {https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Khaled_Abbes/publication/348288074_The_black_fig_fly_Silba_adipata_Diptera_Lonchaeidae_as_an_emerging_pest_in_Tunisia_preliminary_data_on_geographic_distribution_bioecology_and_damage/links/5ff6dea092851c13fef3d782/The} } @article {2214, title = {The picture-winged flies and related families (Diptera, Tephritoidea) of the Maltese Islands}, journal = {Bulletin of the Entomological Society of Malta}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, pages = {73-91}, abstract = {

Contains records of Silba adipata, Silba fumosa and Llamprolonchaea smaragdi from Malta

}, author = {EBEJER, M.J.} } @article {2162, title = {On some arthropods associated with Ficus species (Moraceae) in the Maltese Islands}, journal = {Bulletin of the entomological Society of Malta}, volume = {5}, year = {2012}, pages = {5-34}, abstract = {

Material examined. MALTA:\  Zejtun, 7 adults emerged between 8-12.vii.2011 from fruit of Ficus carica collected on 28.vi.2011, DM; Paola (Addolorata Cemetery), 6 adults emerged between 2-8.ix.2011 from fruit of F. carica collected on 21.viii.2011, AF. GOZO: Munxar, 37 adults emerged on 3-10.ix.2011 from fruit of Ficus carica collected on 20.viii.2011, AF \& DM; Buskett, 12 adults emerged between 1-6.vii.2011 from fruit of F. carica collected on 8.vii.2011, DM.

Notes. Silba adipata (Fig. 50) is known from Spain (Mallorca), Italy, Montenegro, Greece, Cyprus, Canary Islands, Syria, Israel, Jordan, Iraq, Egypt and South Africa (mACgoWAn \& freidBerg, 2008). It is exclusively found on Ficus carica where its larvae feed on the tissue of the syconia just under the peel, destroying the fruit and causing unripe fruit to fall prematurely. As such the present mention of this species from Malta represents a new record for this country. However, Borg (1992) states that the \"fig fly (Lonchaea aristella Beck) is frequently met with on our fig trees, particularly on trees growing near heaps of manure, close to the farmstead, ...\”. Lonchaea aristella is a synonym of Silba virescens Macquart, 1851 although the fact that this was recorded from figs may be a good indication of a misidentification of S. adipata (MacGowan \& Freidberg, 2008). sALiBA (1963), following Borg\’s (1922) record, again mentioned Lonchaea aristella as occasionally found on figs.

}, author = {Mifsud, D. and Falzon, A. and Malumphy, C. and Lillo, E. and Vovlas, N. and Porcelli, F.} } @article {1916, title = {Lonchaea aristtella Beck. (Diptera, Lonchaeidae) dannosa alle inflorescenze e fruitescenze del Caprifico e del Fico}, journal = {Bolletino del laboratorio di Zoologica generale e agraria della R.Scuola superiore d{\textquoteright}agricoltura in Portici.}, volume = {13}, year = {1917}, pages = {123-146}, abstract = {

The first in depth study of the damage caused to figs by the black fig fly Silba adipata ( referred to as Lonchaea aristella in this paper). The paper contains illustrations o]f the adult main body parts including aculeus and male genitalia; eggs, puparia and detailed drawings of the larvae including head skeleton. There are several black and white photos of the larvae within figs. The paper also contains information on the parasitic wasp Pachyneuron vindemmiae

Records this species from Italy, Spain, Portugal and Algeria

}, author = {Silvestri, F} } @article {1841, title = {Some biological aspects on the fig fruit fly, Silba virescens, Maquart.}, journal = {Journal Agricultural Research Review }, volume = {58}, year = {1980}, pages = {239-244}, abstract = {THIS PAPER ALMOST CERTAINLY RELATES TO S.adipsta Laboratory studies were carried out in Egypt on the biology of the fig pest Silba virescens Macq. Egg hatch was highest at 25 deg C. The larval stage (3 instars) lasted 7.3 days at 30 deg C, and the pupal stage 33.4 days at 15 deg C and 21.3 days at 20 deg C. Adult emergence was highest at 25 deg C and 75\% RH, and the sex ratio was 1:1. Copulation occurred most frequently about 3 days after emergence. About 96\% of eggs were laid in groups under the 1st 3 layers of scales surrounding the aperture of small unripe fruits. Figs 1-2.5 cm in diameter and 8-15 days old were the most preferred for oviposition. Field observations indicated that there were 6 generations a year.}, isbn = {0374-5252}, author = {Awadallah, A. M. and Kira, M. T. and El-Borollosy, F. M. and Hashem, A. G.} } @article {1782, title = {The black fig fly Silba adipata McAlpine (Diptera, Lonchaeidae), a little known fig pest in Montenegro.}, journal = {Agroznanje - Agro-knowledge Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2009}, pages = {31-40}, abstract = {On the Montenegrin seacoast, although there are suitable climatic and edaphic conditions for more important fig production, this fruit are grown extensively, mostly in backyards and small orchards, where chemical control has almost not been applied. Therefore, every season there are good conditions for development of already existing pests, and new or previously not enough known pests, as well. During end of August in 2004, in Lastva Grbaljska, in fig fruit (cultivar patlid{\v z}anka) several dipterean larvae were noticed. They were slightly smaller and tender than, already known, larvae of the meditteranean fruit fly Ceratitis capitata, which has been, until than, the only known dipterean recognized as fig pest in Montenegro. After those larvae were examined in laboratory, it was noticed that posterior spiracles were different in comparison with C. capitata and formed pupae, as well. After adult emergence it was additionally confirmed the pest is black fig fly Silba adipata Mc Alpine (=Lonchaea aristella Beck.). During first half of July and second half of August in 2005 in Radanovic{\textasciiacute}i and {\v S}u{\v s}anj premature green fruit drop of cultivars rezavica and su{\v s}alica were noticed. After those fruits were examined in laboratory, presence of same larvae were noticed in majority of those, and damages of fruit tissue caused by larvae in form of brown galleries, as well. Round exit hole, formed by fully grown larva which already left the fruit, was also noticeable on majority of fallen fruits. Starting from the second half of August and during September in Lastva Grbaljska presence of larvae in semiripen and ripen fig fruits (cultivar patlid{\v z}anka) was noticed again. After fig fruits were sampled in period from half of July until half of September in 2006 and 2007 and examined, it was concluded that infestation of unripe figs was one of the main reasons for premature fruit drop. It was very noticable during July and first half of August for cultivars rezavica and su{\v s}alica. Premature fruit drop was not noticeably detected in green fig fruit cultivar patlid{\v z}anka. In this paper morphological characteristics of the species, importance of the pest, symptoms and intensity of attack are presented.}, url = {http://www.cabdirect.org/abstracts/20103170504.html;jsessionid=716C2D41E3D9C8DB83D0DE8412A970E9}, author = {Radonjic, S. and Hrncic, S.} } @article {1661, title = {212 especies de d{\'\i}pteros de Galicia (NO Espa{\~n}a) (Insecta: Diptera)}, journal = {Bolet{\'\i}n BIGA}, volume = {9}, year = {2010}, pages = {89-108}, abstract = {Protearomyia nigra, Setisquamalonchaea fumosa and Silba adipata are recorded for the first time from Galicia in north-west SPAIN}, issn = {ISSN: 1886-5453}, author = {Carles-Tolra, M. and Camano Portela, J.L. and Pino Perez, J.J. and Pino Perez, R.} } @article {1403, title = {Field observations on the biology and behavior of the black fig fly Silba adipata McAlpine (Diptera, Lonchaeidae), and trapping experiments}, journal = {Zeitschrift fur Angewandte Entomologie}, volume = {95 }, year = {1983}, pages = {471 - 476}, abstract = {Large populations of the black fig fly, Silba adipata McAlpine, previously misidentified as Lonchaea (Carpolonchaea) aristella Becker, were observed on fig trees in Chios, Greece. On fig trees flies fed mostly during the morning and late afternoon hours, predominantly on sweet exudates from ripe figs and on fresh or dry milky fig-tree sap exuded from injuried plant parts. The odor of this sap attracted the flies. Oviposition always took place in the eye of unripe figs, mostly during the afternoon hours until dark. As many as 63 S. adipata pupae were obtained from a single unripe fig. A parasite, Pachycrepoideus vindemmiae Rondani (Hym., Pteromalidae), emerged from S. adipata pupae. McPhail traps baited with 2\% ammonium sulfate or 0.5 to 1 ml fresh fig-tree sap were attractive for the flies. Sticky, yellow traps were not effective}, author = {Katsoyannos, B.I.} } @article {1402, title = {Hexanol: a potent attractant for the black fig fly, Silba adipata.}, journal = {Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata}, volume = {35}, year = {1984}, pages = {71-74}, abstract = {Hexanol was the only field attractant for the black fig fly, Silba adipata, among seven generally-occurring plant volatiles tested. This leaf alcohol, dispensed in polyethylene vials inside clear invaginated McPhail traps suspended on fig trees, captured 60 flies/trap/day with a 3:1 ratio of females to males. Hexanol alone was just as effective an attractant as a 2\% ammonium sulpate solution but much more selective in attracting S. adipata. However, the combination of hexanol with ammonium sulphate captured three times as many S. adipata as either attractant alone}, author = {Katsoyannos, B.I. and Guerin, P.M.} } @article {1401, title = {Effect of some attractive bait traps and independant factors in population density of Fig Fly Fruit Silba virescens (MacQ.) (Lonchidae; Diptera) in Nineveh province Iraq.}, journal = {Arab J. Plant Prot.}, volume = {24}, year = {2006}, pages = {41-44}, abstract = {Page Editors note - the species referred to here as Silba virescence (sic) is most probably Silba adipata McAlpine The study was carried out at a fig orchard contains two fig varieties, i.e. Northern Banati and Turkish black, at Al-Qubba village in Rashidyia, during the period from April to December 2000, to test the effect of six types of attraction bait traps and independent factors on population density of fig fly fruit Silba virescence (Macq.). The traps were hung at three different heights (1.5, 2 and 2.5 m). Results indicated the efficiency of two types; the fourth type (date honey and water at a proportion of 1:9) and the fifth type comprising a mixture of sugar (10\%) and date vinegar (30\%), both attracted an average of 43.2 and 45.1 fly/trap, respectively. The control trap type 6, containing water only, was the least attractive 0.9 fly/trap. As for the traps height, the height 2.5m attracted an average 34.3 fly/trap. The Turkish black proved to be more susceptible to infestation by the fly than the second variety (Northern Banati) (34.2 and 14.0\%, respectively). The calculated mathematical equation of the effect of independent factors (temperature, relative humidity and wind speed) on the population density of the fly have shown positive and direct effect of temperature and wind speed on the vitality of the fly on one hand and the negative effect and an inverse relationship with relative humidity. Key words: Fig fruit flies, Silba virescence, bait traps, Iraq. Corresponding author: S.I. Abdullah, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, Mosul University, Nineveh, Iraq.}, author = {Abdullah, S.I. and Fandy, K. T.} } @conference {1400, title = {Study of Ceratitis capitata and Lonchaea aristella on fig trees.}, booktitle = {Acta horticulturae. (ISHS)}, volume = {798}, year = {2008}, month = {September}, pages = {263-267}, abstract = {

page editors note: The species refferred to here as Lonchaea aristella is almost certainly Silba adipata. A study was carried out on the two main pests of the fig tree, Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae) and Lonchaea aristella (Diptera: Lonchaeidae) for 3 years (2002, 2003 and 2004). The trials took lace in an orchard in the Agricultural Experimental Station, in Tavira, Portugal. In this orchard there are 200 trees, 100 of the cultivar Lampa Preta and 100 of the cultivar B\êbera Branca, occupying an area of 2000 m2. The population density of both pests was determined, using Tephri traps supplemented with alimentary attractants. For monitoring and control of C. capitata, 10 Tephri traps with triple alimentary attractant (putrescine, trimethylamine and ammonium acetate) and an insecticide tablet (dichlorvos) were placed in each cultivar. For monitoring and control of L. aristella, eight Tephri traps were placed in each cultivar, four with triple alimentary attractant and an insecticide tablet and four with protein hydrolysate and water with Teepol. All the traps also contained four small branches (\≈3 cm long) of fig tree to increase the attractivity of the black fig fly. The traps used in this study were placed at random in order to cover all the orchard area. The trapped insects were counted weekly. Results showed that L. aristella was present in very low numbers (a total of 5 in both cultivars) and only in the last 2 years. The number of adults of C. capitata captured varied from 1-46 during June to a maximum of 424 in September 2004 and mainly in the cultivar B\êbera Branca. In both pests, the sex-ratio showed that there were more females than males in the populations of these insects. It was also verified that, for both the studied pests, the most efficient traps were the ones that contained protein hydrolysate, fig branches and water with Teepol

}, url = {http://www.actahort.org/books/798/798_38.htm}, author = {Gon{\c c}alves, M.A and Andrade, L. and Almeida, L. and Pica, M.C.} } @article {1318, title = {Mediterranean black fig fly, Silba adipata McAlpine (Diptera: Lonchaeidae), recorded from South Africa}, journal = {African Entomology }, volume = {15}, year = {2007}, pages = {383{\textendash}384}, abstract = {

The black fig fly, Silba adipata McAlpine, 1956 (Lonchaeidae) an agricultural pest species previously known only from the Mediterranean and Middle East regions, has been found in South Africa for the first time.

}, author = {J.H. Giliomee and E. Venter and M. Wohlfarter} }